Chapter 9: Heart Health and Other Very Important Heath related Stuff

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Cardiovascular Complications, Heart Attacks and Stroke, Unintentional Cannabis ingestion in Young Children, Sleep, Testicular Cancer, Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome

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References are now organized by Disorder/Topic. The references with Bold number were the original references in the book. Then references without bold number are NEWLY added since March 21, 2021, the date of publication of the book. The reference numbers now may not be in order.

Go to New scientific papers on Cannabis and Cardiovascular and Heart Health added since March 21, 2022, the publication date of the book.

Refs. 505-572

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507. Richards JR, Blohm E, Toles KA, Jarman AF, Ely DF, Elder JW. The association of cannabis use and cardiac dysrhythmias: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020:1-9. 7. PubMed PMID: 32267189.

508. Richards JR, Bing ML, Moulin AK, Elder JW, Rominski RT, Summers PJ, et al. Cannabis use and acute coronary syndrome. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2019;57(10):831-41. PubMed PMID: 30964363.

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510. Desai R, Patel U, Deshmukh A, Sachdeva R, Kumar G. Burden of arrhythmia in recreational marijuana users. Int J Cardiol. 2018;264:91-2. PubMed PMID: 29642998.

511. Desai R, Patel U, Sharma S, Amin P, Bhuva R, Patel MS, et al. Recreational Marijuana Use and Acute Myocardial Infarction: Insights from Nationwide Inpatient Sample in the United States. Cureus. 2017;9(11):e1816. PubMed PMID: 29312837; PubMed Central PMCID: 5752226. FREE

512. Ramphul K, Mejias SG, Joynauth J. Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Cannabis Use Increases the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Teenagers. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(2):354. PubMed PMID: 30477798.

513. Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE. Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2805-9. PubMed PMID: 11401936.

514. Pacher P, Steffens S, Hasko G, Schindler TH, Kunos G. Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(3):151-66. PubMed PMID: 28905873.

515. Chaphekar A, Campbell M, Middleman AB. With a High, Comes a Low: A Case of Heavy Marijuana Use and Bradycardia in an Adolescent. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019;58(14):1550-3. PubMed PMID: 31179732.

516. Patel RS, Manocha P, Patel J, Patel R, Tankersley WE. Cannabis Use Is an Independent Predictor for Acute Myocardial Infarction Related Hospitalization in Younger Population. J Adolesc Health. 2019. PubMed PMID: 31611137.

517. Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Marijuana Use Among Young Adults (18-44 Years of Age) and Risk of Stroke: A Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Analysis. Stroke. 2019:STROKEAHA119027828. PubMed PMID: 31707926.

518. Ravi D, Ghasemiesfe M, Korenstein D, Cascino T, Keyhani S. Associations Between Marijuana Use and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(3):187-94. PubMed PMID: 29357394; PubMed Central PMCID: 6157910. FREE

519. Desai R, Shamim S, Patel K, Sadolikar A, Kaur VP, Bhivandkar S, et al. Primary Causes of Hospitalizations and Procedures, Predictors of In-hospital Mortality, and Trends in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events Among Recreational Marijuana Users: A Five-year Nationwide Inpatient Assessment in the United States. Cureus. 2018;10(8):e3195. PubMed PMID: 30402363; PubMed Central PMCID: 6200442. FREE

520. Goel A, McGuinness B, Jivraj NK, Wijeysundera DN, Mittleman MA, Bateman BT, et al. Cannabis Use Disorder and Perioperative Outcomes in Major Elective Surgeries: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. Anesthesiology. 2019. PubMed PMID: 31789638.

521. Page RL, 2nd, Allen LA, Kloner RA, Carriker CR, Martel C, Morris AA, et al. Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. Sep 8;142(10)2020. PubMed PMID: 32752884.

522. Vidot DC, Powers M, Gonzalez R, Jayaweera DT, Roy S, Dong C, et al. Blood Pressure and Marijuana Use: Results from a Decade of NHANES Data. Am J Health Behav. 2019;43(5):887-97. PubMed PMID: 31439096.

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525. Jamil M, Zafar A, Adeel Faizi S, Zawar I. Stroke from Vasospasm due to Marijuana Use: Can Cannabis Synergistically with Other Medications Trigger Cerebral Vasospasm? Case Rep Neurol Med. 2016;2016:5313795. PubMed PMID: 27833768; PubMed Central PMCID: 5090067. FREE

526. Baskaran J, Anantha Narayanan M, Vakhshoorzadeh J, Ahmad A, Bertog S. Marijuana-induced Coronary Vasospasm with Persistent Inter-coronary Connection: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus. 2019;11(6):e4799. PubMed PMID: 31497413; PubMed Central PMCID: 6726350. FREE

527. Jack Herer Wikipedia [12-7-2020]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Herer.

528. Arrythmia -American Heart Association. Available from: https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/arrhythmia.

529. Ramphul K, Joynauth J. Cardiac Arrhythmias Among Teenagers Using Cannabis in the United States. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(12):1966. PubMed PMID: 31653358.

530. Van Keer JM. Cannabis-Induced Third-Degree AV Block. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2019;2019:5037356. PubMed PMID: 31637064; PubMed Central PMCID: 6766110. FREE

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532. Sharma D, Dahal U, Yu E. Complete Occlusion of Bilateral Internal Carotid Artery in a Marijuana Smoker: A Case Report. J Clin Med Res. 2019;11(4):305-8. PubMed PMID: 30937123; PubMed Central PMCID: 6436573. FREE

533. Desai R, Singh S, Patel K, Goyal H, Shah M, Mansuri Z, et al. Stroke in young cannabis users (18-49 years): National trends in hospitalizations and outcomes. Int J Stroke. 2019:1747493019895651. PubMed PMID: 31870242.

534. Transient Ischemic Attacks Mayo Clinic [12-7-2020]. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transient-ischemic-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20355679.

535. Transient Ischemic Attacks www.stroke.org [12-7-2020]. Available from: https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/types-of-stroke/tia-transient-ischemic-attack.

536. Hemachandra D, McKetin R, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. Heavy cannabis users at elevated risk of stroke: evidence from a general population survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2016;40(3):226-30. Epub 2015/11/13. doi: 10.1111/1753-6405.12477. PubMed PMID: 26558539. FREE

537. Mouzak A, Agathos P, Kerezoudi E, Mantas A, Vourdeli-Yiannakoura E. Transient ischemic attack in heavy cannabis smokers–how ‘safe’ is it? Eur Neurol. 2000;44(1):42-4. Epub 2000/07/15. doi: 10.1159/000008191. PubMed PMID: 10894994. FREE

538. Murillo-Rodriguez E, Cabeza R, Mendez-Diaz M, Navarro L, Prospero-Garcia O. Anandamide-induced sleep is blocked by SR141716A, a CB1 receptor antagonist and by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. Neuroreport. 2001;12(10):2131-6. PubMed PMID: 11447321.

539. Rueda-Orozco PE, Soria-Gomez E, Montes-Rodriguez CJ, Perez-Morales M, Prospero-Garcia O. Intrahippocampal administration of anandamide increases REM sleep. Neurosci Lett. 2010;473(2):158-62. PubMed PMID: 20188142.

540. Clendinning J. Observations on the medicinal properties of the Cannabis Sativa of India. Med Chir Trans. 1843;26:188-210. PubMed PMID: 20895771; PubMed Central PMCID: 2116906. FREE

541. Gates PJ, Albertella L, Copeland J. The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: a systematic review of human studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(6):477-87. PubMed PMID: 24726015.

542. Babson KA, Sottile J, Morabito D. Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(4):23. PubMed PMID: 28349316.

543. Gorelick DA, Goodwin RS, Schwilke E, Schroeder JR, Schwope DM, Kelly DL, et al. Around-the-clock oral THC effects on sleep in male chronic daily cannabis smokers. Am J Addict. 2013;22(5):510-4. PubMed PMID: 23952899; PubMed Central PMCID: 4537525. FREE

544. Campbell LM, Tang B, Watson CW, Higgins M, Cherner M, Henry BL, et al. Cannabis use is associated with greater total sleep time in middle-aged and older adults with and without HIV: A preliminary report utilizing digital health technologies. Cannabis. 2020;3(2):180-9. PubMed PMID: 32905460; PubMed Central PMCID: 7470214. FREE

545. Suraev AS, Marshall NS, Vandrey R, McCartney D, Benson MJ, McGregor IS, et al. Cannabinoid therapies in the management of sleep disorders: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;53:101339. PubMed PMID: 32603954.

546. Carley DW, Prasad B, Reid KJ, Malkani R, Attarian H, Abbott SM, et al. Pharmacotherapy of Apnea by Cannabimimetic Enhancement, the PACE Clinical Trial: Effects of Dronabinol in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep. 2018;41(1). PubMed PMID: 29121334; PubMed Central PMCID: 5806568. FREE

547. Russo EB, Guy GW, Robson PJ. Cannabis, pain, and sleep: lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4(8):1729-43. PubMed PMID: 17712817.

548. Shannon S, Lewis N, Lee H, Hughes S. Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. Perm J. 2019;23:18-041. PubMed PMID: 30624194; PubMed Central PMCID: 6326553. FREE

549. Megelin T, Ghorayeb I. Cannabis for restless legs syndrome: a report of six patients. Sleep Med. 2017;36:182-3. PubMed PMID: 28655453.

550. Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D. The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:585-8. PubMed PMID: 25467221.

551. Bolla KI, Lesage SR, Gamaldo CE, Neubauer DN, Funderburk FR, Cadet JL, et al. Sleep disturbance in heavy marijuana users. Sleep. 2008;31(6):901-8. PubMed PMID: 18548836; PubMed Central PMCID: 2442418. FREE

552. Budney AJ, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Vandrey R. Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(11):1967-77. PubMed PMID: 15514394.

553. Angarita GA, Emadi N, Hodges S, Morgan PT. Sleep abnormalities associated with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opiate use: a comprehensive review. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2016;11(1):9. PubMedPMID: 27117064; PubMed Central PMCID: 4845302. FREE

554. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(2):124-32. PubMed PMID: 20113918.

555. Drazdowski TK, Kliewer WL, Marzell M. College students’ using marijuana to sleep relates to frequency, problematic use, and sleep problems. J Am Coll Health. 2019:1-10. PubMed PMID: 31498749; PubMed Central PMCID: 7061072. FREE

556. Trabert B, Sigurdson AJ, Sweeney AM, Strom SS, McGlynn KA. Marijuana use and testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer. 2011;117(4):848-53. PubMed PMID: 20925043; PubMed CentralPMCID: 3017734. FREE

557. Lewis SE, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoids, sperm biology and human fertility. Pharmacol Res. 2009;60(2):126-31. PubMed PMID: 19559363.

558. du Plessis SS, Agarwal A, Syriac A. Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2015;32(11):1575-88. PubMed PMID: 26277482; PubMed Central PMCID: 4651943. FREE

559. Daling JR, Doody DR, Sun X, Trabert BL, Weiss NS, Chen C, et al. Association of marijuana use and the incidence of testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer. 2009;115(6):1215-23. PubMed PMID: 19204904; PubMed Central PMCID: 2759698. FREE

560. Callaghan RC, Allebeck P, Akre O, McGlynn KA, Sidorchuk A. Cannabis Use and Incidence of Testicular Cancer: A 42-Year Follow-up of Swedish Men between 1970 and 2011. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(11):1644-52. PubMed PMID: 29093004; PubMed Central PMCID: 5812006. FREE

561. Ghasemiesfe M, Barrow B, Leonard S, Keyhani S, Korenstein D. Association Between Marijuana Use and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(11):e1916318. PubMed PMID: 31774524; PubMed Central PMCID: 6902836. FREE

562. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Wikipedia [4-21-20]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome.

563. Allen JH, de Moore GM, Heddle R, Twartz JC. Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis abuse. Gut. 2004;53(11):1566-70. PubMed PMID: 15479672; PubMed Central PMCID: 1774264. FREE

564. Chu F, Cascella M. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)2020. PubMed PMID: 31751105. FREE

565. Attout H, Amichi S, Josse F, Appavoupoule V, Randriajohany A, Thirapathi Y. Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Still Under-Recognized Syndrome. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2020;7(5):001588. PubMed PMID: 32399447; PubMed Central PMCID: 7213821. FREE

566. Glauser W. Nausea-inducing illness caused by cannabis still underdiagnosed. CMAJ. 2019;191(47):E1316-E7. PubMed PMID: 31767711; PubMed Central PMCID: 6877360. FREE

567. Sontineni SP, Chaudhary S, Sontineni V, Lanspa SJ. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: clinical diagnosis of an underrecognised manifestation of chronic cannabis abuse. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(10):1264-6. PubMed PMID: 19291829; PubMed Central PMCID: 2658859. FREE

568. Habboushe J, Rubin A, Liu H, Hoffman RS. The Prevalence of Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Among Regular Marijuana Smokers in an Urban Public Hospital. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;122(6):660-2. PubMed PMID: 29327809.

569. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Cedars-Sinai [4-21-20]. Available from: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/cannabinoid-hyperemesis-syndrome.html.

570. Nicolson SE, Denysenko L, Mulcare JL, Vito JP, Chabon B. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series and review of previous reports. Psychosomatics. 2012;53(3):212-9. PubMed PMID: 22480624.

571. Lu ML, Agito MD. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Marijuana is both antiemetic and proemetic. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82(7):429-34. PubMed PMID: 26185942.

572. Parekh JD, Wozniak SE, Khan K, Dutta SK. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2016;2016. PubMed PMID: 26791124; PubMed Central PMCID: 4735328. FREE

New Publications on Cardiovascular and Heart Healthc

  1. Shereif H Rezkalla, et. al. Coronary no-flow and ventricular tachycardia associated with habitual marijuana use. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Sep;42(3):365-9. PMID: 12944889 “Marijuana use might affect coronary microcirculation and cause ventricular tachycardia. Verapamil therapy and cessation of smoking might be curative. .”
  2. Matt Diffley, et. al. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia found in an adolescent after a methylenedioxymethamphetamine and marijuana-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jul;40(7):2223-6. PMID: 22584762 Free Article “This case demonstrates a possible association between methylenedioxymethamphetamine, marijuana, and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.”
  3. Ersilia M DeFilippis, et.al. Cocaine and Marijuana Use Among Young Adults With Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Jun 5;71(22):2540-2551. PMID: 29535062 PMCID: PMC6495189 ” Cocaine and/or marijuana use is present in 10% of patients with an MI at age ≤50 years and is associated with worse all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. “
  4. Venkat N Subramaniam, et. al. The Cardiovascular Effects of Marijuana: Are the Potential Adverse Effects Worth the High? Mo Med. 2019 Mar-Apr;116(2):146-153. PMID: 31040502 PMCID: PMC6461323 “This brief review hasorganized three main pathologies associated with marijuana usage and the CVS – peripheral arteritis, coronarybvasospasms, and platelet aggregation;…”
  5. Parth J Sampat, et. al. An Unusual Case of Ventricular Tachycardia in a Young Patient Associated with Cannabis Use. Case Rep Cardiol . 2020 Dec 1:2020:8813930. PMID: 33343943 PMCID: PMC7725577 “In this report, we focus on how marijuana can be associated with many arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia with focus on mechanisms by which it can occur. “
  6. Tzu-Tang Wei, et.al. Cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist genistein attenuates marijuana-induced vascular inflammation. Cell. 2022 May 12;185(10):1676-1693.e23. PMID: 35489334 PMCID: PMC9400797 “A UK Biobank analysis found that cannabis was an risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease.”
  7. Barbara N Harding, et. al. Self-reported marijuana use and cardiac arrhythmias (from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Am J Cardiol. 2022 Aug 15:177:48-52. PMID: 35725675 Free Article
  8. Ella Yahud, et. al. Cannabis induced cardiac arrhythmias: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2020 Dec 12;4(6):1-9. PMID: 33442601 PMCID: PMC7793045 “Given the increasing abuse of recreational cannabis, the potential for life-threatening, arrhythmia, even in patients with structurally normal hearts, is a growing clinical concern. “
  9. Miao Chen, et. al. Association of cannabis use disorder with cardiovascular diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Oct 6:9:966707. PMID: 36277767 PMCID: PMC9582269 “The genetic liability to cannabis use disorder was associated with a higher risk of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and stroke.”
  10. Jerzy Wiliński , et. al. Paroxysmal Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia with Cardiac Arrest and Myocardial Infarction in 29-Year-Old Man Addicted to Medical Marijuana-It Never Rains but It Pours. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Oct 13;10(10):2024. PMID: 36292471 PMCID: PMC9602483 “This article presents the case of a 29-year-old male patient, addicted to prescribed medical marijuana administered for mixed anxiety and depressive disorder and without classic cardiovascular risk factors and history of myocarditis, suffering from episodes of paroxysmal hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia.”
  11. Harigopal Sandhyavenu, et al. Rising trend of acute myocardial infarction among young cannabis users: A 10-year nationwide gender and race stratified analysis. Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev. 2022 Dec 29:16:200167. PMID: 36874042 PMCID: PMC9975233 ” The incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in young cannabis users has increased in recent years. The risk is higher among males and African Americans.”
  12. Alexandre Vallée Association between cannabis use and ten-year estimated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in a middle-aged population survey. Eur J Intern Med. 2023 May:111:69-76. PMID: 36858942 ” A positive association between estimated 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and heavy lifetime cannabis use was observed but this was higher in males.”
  13. Gabriel Gueyraud, et.al. Stroke phenotype in cannabis users among young adults with ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2023 Jul;30(7):1891-1898. PMID: 37010779 “We found a significant, independent, and graded association of cannabis use with the atherosclerotic stroke phenotype. “
  14. Jamie Corroon, et. al. Associations Between Monthly Cannabis Use and Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2018. Am J Cardiol. 2023 Oct 1:204:226-233. PMID: 37556891 Free Article “… when considering recent use, the odds were 3 times greater if no use was reported in the past month. “
  15. Cotier Paul, et. al. Evaluation of the cardiovascular risk induced by cannabis use from a series of 43 autopsy cases. Int J Legal Med. 2023 Nov;137(6):1725-1733. PMID: 37650902 ” These results highlight the potential adverse cardiac effects associated with cannabis use. “
  16. Anees Bahji, et. al. Cannabis use disorder and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A population-based retrospective cohort analysis of adults from Alberta, Canada. Addiction. 2024 Jan;119(1):137-148. PMID: 37766508 Free Article ” Canadian adults with cannabis use disorder appear to have an approximately 60% higher risk of experiencing incident adverse cardiovascular disease events than those without cannabis use disorder. “
  17. Anders Holt, et. al. Cannabis for chronic pain: cardiovascular safety in a nationwide Danish study. Eur Heart J . 2024 Jan 11:ehad834. PMID: 38200679 ” In patients with chronic pain, the use of prescribed medical cannabis was associated with an elevated risk of new-onset arrhythmia compared with no use-most pronounced in the 180 days following the initiation of treatment. “
  18. Jeffers, AM, et. al. Association of Cannabis Use With Cardiovascular Outcomes Among US Adults. JAHA: Journal of the American Heart Association. PMID: 38415581 Free Article “Cannabis use is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, with heavier use (more days per month) associated with higher odds of adverse outcomes.”

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